They are related to the concept of opportunity such that unexpected conditions and probable consequences can lead to project failure. Risks are incidences that may or may not occur, which, if they happen may have an impact on the project (Mubarak and Oktaviati, 2017, p. The project faced significant risks, which interfered with the execution process. For example, the relationship between the project cost and inflation may be linear, but that between the scope and labor availability may be non-linear. For instance, the model assumes a linear relationship between each independent variable and the dependent factor, which is not always the case (Černý, 2019, p. Although the model can help to have a holistic view of the impact of external factors on the task, it faces some weaknesses. The focus should be on the factors with a huge impact on the price. With accurate data of each variable, the project team can use the model to determine the extent to which a change in an external variable can affect cost. The following model presents the project cost as a function of the external factors: Additionally, some elements may have a stronger effect on project implementation than others. For example, a change in each of the variables may affect the total cost of building the skyscraper or the duration critical milestones, thus affecting the budget and scope. A multiple linear regression model can help to determine the extent to which each of the external influences can affect a critical deliverable, such as cost or completion time. Most of the issues likely to interfere with project execution are quantifiable, making it conceivable to conduct a factor analysis. Evaluating the potential impact of each of the elements guided the project team in anticipating potential obstacles and develop proactive strategies of addressing them. Examples include the gross domestic product (GDP), labor availability and work experience, technology, interest rates, inflation rate, material price index (MPI) (Szymański, 2017, p. However, external challenges were difficult to deal with because they were beyond the control of those in charge of the contractor. Internal hindrances were easier to address because they were within the scope of the management. The project team had to address the multiple aspects of implementation. The approach will help to evaluate the project from the perspectives of different scholars and determine the best practices to ensure successful implementation balancing multiple stakeholder interests. A critical review of the literature will be conducted to determine the external factors likely to affect the project and appraise ethics and social responsibility. Positive impacts such as increased job opportunities were welcome, while negative impacts such as environmental degradation were opposed. Community members were interested in how the skyscraper and the process of developing it would affect their livelihoods. For instance, the project sponsors were interested in the delivery of a state-of-the-art tower within the minimum possible budget. The contractor and the project team faced significant challenges when balancing various stakeholder interests in the project. Ethical and social responsibility were critical development pillars enabling project sponsors to compensate the community for the detrimental effects of new initiatives (Duman, Giritli, and Mcdermott, 2016, p. The contractor and project team attempted to balance business needs with those of the society because of the growing concerns about sustainable development. The Smith Tower remains one of the tallest buildings in Washington with the gleaming white terra-cotta monument creating an unparalleled cultural position. Diagonal beams between girders provide additional support. The columns were connected to horizontal girder beams to strengthen and reinforce the structure on each floor. The skyscraper consists of a steel skeleton structure in which giant girder grids were formed by riveting metal beams end to end to develop vertical columns. Advances in steel make made it possible for architects to design such a tall buildings. The fight against gravity was the biggest issue in the construction of the skyscraper. A trend has emerged in which cities across the world are utilizing technology to build upwards rather than outwards to boost inner-city populations and offices for successful enterprises. The Smith Tower, a skyscraper in Washington, D.C., will demonstrate how external factors influence a construction project implementation process.
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